Scientists have for the first time developed a forecasting model to accurately predict the timing and intensity of West Nile Virus (WNV) outbreaks.
Much like weather forecasting, these WNV forecasts use a computer model to generate multiple simulations that mimic the behaviour of an outbreak and are knit together to generate an overall prediction.
Since 2012, scientists at Columbia University in the US have used similar methods to create weekly forecasts for seasonal flu published online; and following the 2014-2015 outbreak, an analysis of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. In North America, where WNV is endemic, the virus is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, with outbreaks happening in the summer and fall.Most of those infected have no symptoms, but about one in five will develop a fever with other symptoms. Less than one per cent develops a serious, sometimes fatal, neurologic illness.
“There is a great deal of variation in outbreak intensity and duration year to year,” said Nicholas B DeFelice, from Columbia’s Mailman School. “Absent a computer model, it’s difficult to predict the impact of an outbreak, even once the outbreak is underway, and thus it is important that robust quantitative decision tools are developed to help guide control efforts,” said DeFelice.
In the new study, researchers developed the WNV forecasting model, drawing on field collection data documenting mosquito infection rates and reported human cases, and accounting for transmission between mosquitoes and birds and spillover to humans. They used the model to create retrospective forecasts for WNV outbreaks in Suffolk County, Long Island, for 2001-2014.
This model system accurately forecast mosquito infection rates prior to the week of mosquito peak infection, and accurately predicted the seasonal total number of human WNV cases up to nine weeks prior to the last reported case. The researchers also generated forecasts in Cook County Illinois during 2007-2014, reporting similar results to those in Suffolk County.
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